Cada vez hay más instituciones del área de la salud que consideran que los e-cigarrillos son menos perniciosos que el tabaco convencional

Aún a día de hoy existe una gran controversia sobre la eficacia de los cigarrillos electrónicos –o ‘e-cigarrillos’– para dejar de fumar. También sobre su seguridad para sus usuarios y los ‘vapeadores pasivos’. Sin embargo, un nuevo estudio llevado a cabo por investigadores de la empresa tabaquera British American Tobacco, con sede en Londres (Reino Unido), parece arrojar luz sobre esta controversia. Y es que según sus resultados, el vapor de los e-cigarrillos contiene una cantidad hasta un 95% menor de los compuestos tóxicos que se encuentran en humo del tabaco. De hecho, el trabajo destaca que la mayoría de los compuestos tóxicos que se detectan en las emisiones de los cigarrillos ‘convencionales’ no están presentes en la de los electrónicos.

Enlace a la publicación del estudio “en Ingles”

Como explica Kevin McAdam, director de esta investigación publicada en la revista «Chemical Research in Toxicology», «a día de hoy contamos con muy pocas publicaciones que hayan examinado la composición química total de los e-cigarrillos. Y es que la mayoría de trabajos se han centrado en compuestos específicos o en grupos de compuestos. Sin embargo, nosotros hemos evaluado un total de 142 compuestos, incluidos aquellos catalogados por la Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos de Estados Unidos (FDA) como ‘dañinos o potencialmente dañinos’, los recogidos en la lista de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), y los que ya se han comunicado que son generados por los e-cigarrillos».

Menor número y cantidad

Para llevar a cabo el estudio, los autores contaron con la colaboración de laboratorios independientes que se encargaron de medir la cantidad de compuestos químicos que, ya observados en el humo del tabaco, podrían encontrarse también en el vapor de los e-cigarrillos. Es el caso, entre otros muchos, de los óxidos de carbono y nitrógeno, de los fenoles, de la nicotina y compuestos relacionados, de metales, de hidrocarbonos polinucleares aromáticos, o de las aminas aromáticas.

Concretamente, los investigadores evaluaron los potenciales compuestos tóxicos emitidos por un cigarrillo convencional y por un e-cigarrillo. Y para ello utilizaron ‘robots vapeadores’ y ‘fumadores’ en habitaciones estancas y recogieron las emisiones. Como indica Kevin McAdam, «dado que sabíamos que los niveles de algunos constituyentes de los e-cigarrillos iban a ser muy bajos, también analizamos el aire de ambas habitaciones para detectar los posibles contaminantes».

A día de hoy contamos con muy pocas publicaciones que hayan examinado la composición química total de los e-cigarrillos

Los resultados mostraron que, comparados frente a los encontrados en el humo del cigarrillo, los niveles de productos tóxicos recogidos en la lista de la OMS fueron hasta un 99% inferiores en el caso del vapor de los e-cigarrillos. Y asimismo, que las cantidades de productos ‘dañinos o potencialmente dañinos’ según el listado de la FD fueron un 92% inferiores.

Sin embargo, hubo cuatro compuestos que fueron más comunes en las emisiones de los e-cigarrillos que en las del tabaco convencional: propilenglicol, glicerina vegetal, mentol y cromo.

Como refiere Kevin McAdam, «esperamos encontrar propilenglicol y glicerina en el aerosol dado que se emplean para fabricar los e-líquidos de los e-cigarrillos. Y asimismo, mentol, pues se utiliza para conferirles sabor. La presencia de cromo se atribuye al cable de nicromo que se usa para el calentamiento del e-líquido, pero la exposición diaria parece menor a la que tiene lugar con el tabaco».

¿Más seguros que el tabaco?

En definitiva, y según este nuevo estudio, parece que el vapor de los e-cigarrillos contiene productos tóxicos, pero en una cantidad ínfima comparada con el humo del tabaco. Pero eso no quiere decir en ningún caso que los e-cigarrillos sean totalmente seguros. De hecho, todavía hay una cantidad de un 5% de productos tóxicos cuando se comparan con los cigarrillos –y de un 8% en el caso de los compuestos ‘dañinos o potencialmente dañinos’.

Y llegados a este punto, ¿puede considerarse que este estudio es fiable? Hay que tener en cuenta que British American Tobacco, empresa responsable de la investigación, se dedica a la venta de e-cigarrillos. Pero también vende –y con un volumen mucho mayor– tabaco ‘convencional’, por lo que puede suponerse que no haya ninguna intención ‘oculta’ y los resultados sean fiables.

Es más; cada vez son más numerosas las instituciones dedicadas a la salud que, como la Fundación Británica del Corazón o Cancer Research UK, consideran que los e-cigarrillos son menos nocivos que el tabaco tradicional. Y asimismo, el Ministerio de Sanidad de Reino Unidopublicó recientemente un informe en el que se decía que los e-cigarrillos son un 95% más seguros que sus homónimos convencionales.

 

 

“No hay suficiente investigación y el apoyo de cigarrillo electrónico”. “Las búsquedas son pocas, y no es capaz de demostrar nada”. “Sólo en treinta años usted tendrá una cierta evaluación de impacto del ecig la salud “. ¿Cuántas veces has escuchado estas declaraciones para justificar una falta de interés por los cigarrillos electrónicos. Pues bien, a partir de ahora no habrá más excusas que mantener. Publicamos a continuación la lista de la investigación científica en apoyo del cigarrillo electrónico (glicol, glicerina, nicotina) y en el daño cigarrillos tradicionales (ardor, tabaco) publicado hasta la fecha. Un paciente trabajo de recuperación de los datos a partir de los años 80. Contamos con 186 y, como una demostración de lo que decimos, para publicar uno por uno. En la primera columna la numeración de cada estudio, en el segundo año de publicación, mientras que el tercer título de la investigación realizada por los autores y, cuando sea posible, un enlace al documento original. Buena lectura!

 

Numero	Año	Estudios cientificos y datos
1	2015	Schweitzer KS, Chen SX, Law S, et al. (2015) – Endothelial disruptive proinflammatory effects of nicotine and e-cigarette vapor exposures. – American Journal of Physiology (2015) Information: Authors exposed cells with plasma nicotine levels between 162.000 and 3,240.000 ng/ml and call this “relatively high” Funny fact: Lethal levels are between 2.000 and 4.000 ng/ml! Normal levels for smokers/vapers are between 20-30 ng/ml! (HT Bernd Mayer!)
2	2015	Tierney PA, Karpinski CD, Brown JE, et al. (2015) – Flavour chemicals in electronic cigarette fluids. – Tobacco Control (2015)) Commentary by Michael Siegel:: Study produces unwarranted scare
3	2015	Neilson L, Mankus C, Throne D, et al. (2015) – Development of an in vitro cytotoxicity model for aerosol exposure using 3D reconstructed human airway tissue; application for assessment of e-cigarette aerosol. – Toxicology in Vitro (2015)
4	2015	Polosa R. (2015) – Electronic cigarette use and harm reversal: emerging evidence in the lung. – BMC Medicine (2015)
5	2015	Perkins KA, Karelitz JL, Michael VC (2015) – Reinforcement enhancing effects of acute nicotine via electronic cigarettes. – Drug Alcohol Dependence (2015)
6	2015	O’Connell G, Colard S, Cahours X, Prtchard (2015) – An Assessment of Indoor Air Quality before, during and after Unrestricted Use of E-Cigarettes in a Small Room. Int. Journal Research & PH (2015)
7	2015	Farsalinos KE, Voudris V, Poulas K (2015) – E-cigarettes generate high levels of aldehydes only in ‘dry puff’ conditions. Addiction (2015) Commentary by J-F Etter:: The recent scares were without substance, and the general verdict that e-cigs areat least 95% safer than smoking remains solid.
8	2015	Etter J-F (2015) – E-cigarettes: methodological and ideological issues and research priorities. – BMC Medicine (2015))
9	2015	Cobb CO, Hendricks PS, Eissenberg T (2015) – Electronic cigarettes and nicotine dependence: evolving products, evolving problems. – BMC Medicine (2015)
10	2015	Farsalinos KE, Gillmann IG et al. (2015) – Nicotine Levels and Presence of Selected Tobacco-Derived Toxins in Tobacco Flavoured Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquids. – Int. Journal Environment Research & PH (2015)
11	2015	Varlet V, Farsalinos KE, Augsburger M (2015) – Toxicity Assessment of Refill Liquids for Electronic Cigarettes. – In. Journal Environment Research & PH (2015)
12	2015	Amato MS, Boyle RG, Levy D (2015) – How to define e-cigarette prevalence? Finding clues in the use frequency distribution. – Tobacco Control (2015)
13	2015	Hajek P (2015) – The development and testing of new nicotine replacement treatments: from ‘nicotine replacement’ to ‘smoking replacement’. Addiction (2015)
14	2015	Scheffler S, Dieken H, Krischenowski O, et al. (2015) – Evaluation of E-Cigarette Liquid Vapor and Mainstream Cigarette Smoke after Direct Exposure of Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health (2015) Information: Authors apparently ignored ISO 10993-5. They exposed NHBE cells with 200 puffs of e-cig aersol to generate a response. This means: They exposed the cells to as much aersol as needed to have toxicity. With this methodology, any chemical would be toxic. (HT Konstantinos Farsalinos!)
15	2015	O’Brien B, Knight-West O, Walker N, et al. (2015) – E-cigarettes versus NRT for smoking reduction or cessation in people with mental illness: secondary analysis of data from the ASCEND trial. Tobacco Induced Diseases (2015)
16	2015	Farsalinos K, Voudris V, Poulas K (2015) – Are Metals Emitted from Electronic Cigarettes a Reason for Health Concern? A Risk-Assessment Analysis of Currently Available Literature.. Int. Journal Environment Research & PH (2015))
17	2015	Tayyarah R, Long GA (2015) – Comparison of select analytes in aerosol from e-cigarettes with smoke from conventional cigarettes and with ambient air. – Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology (2015)
18	2015	Talih S, Balhas Z, Salman R, et al. (2015) – „Direct Dripping“: A High-Temperature, High-Formaldehyde Emission Electronic Cigarette Use Method. – Nicotine Tobacco Research (2015)
19	2015	Tackett AP, Lechner WV, DeMond MG, et al. (2015) Biochemically verified smoking cessation and vaping beliefs among vape store customers. – Addiction (2015)
20	2015	Shiffman S et al. (2014) – The Impact of Flavor Descriptors on Nonsmoking Teens’ and Adult Smokers’ Interest in Electronic Cigarettes. – Nicotine and Tobacco Research (2015)
21	2015	Al-Delaimy WK, Myers MG, Leas EC, et al. (2015) – E-Cigarette Use in the Past and Quitting Behavior in the Future: A Population-Based Study. – American Journal of Public Health (2015)
22	2015	Moore G, Hewitt G, Evans J, et al. (2015) – Electronic-cigarette use among young people in Wales: evidence from two cross-sectional surveys. – BMJ Open (2015)
23	2015	Etter J-F, Eissenberg T (2015) – Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes. – Drug and Alcohol Dependence (2015)
24	2015	Meier E M et al. (2015) – Which Nicotine Products Are Gateways to Regular Use?– American Journal of Preventive Medicine (2015)
25	2015	Mishra A, Chatuvedi P, Datta S, et al. (2015) – Harmful effects of nicotine. – Indian Journal Medicine Paediatric Oncology (2015)
26	2014	Rooke C, Cunningham-Burley S, Amos A (2014) – Smokers’ and ex-smokers’ understanding of electronic cigarettes: a qualitative study. – Tobacco Control (2014)
27	2014	Brown J, Beard E, Kotz D, Michie S, West R (2014) – Real-world effectiveness of e-cigarettes when used to aid smoking cessation: a cross-sectional population study. – Addiction (2014)
28	2014	Misra M, Leverette RD, Cooper BT, et al. (2014) – Comparative In Vitro Toxicity Profile of Electronic and Tobacco Cigarettes, Smokeless Tobacco and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Products: E-Liquids, Extracts and Collected Aerosols. – Int. Journal Research & PH (2014)
29	2014	Tierney PA, Karpinski CD, Brown JE et al. (2014) – Flavour chemicals in electronic cigarette fluids. – Tobacco Control (2014)
30	2014	Pepper JK, Ribisl KM, Emery SL, Brewer NT (2014) – Reasons for starting and stopping electronic cigarette use. – Int. Journal Research & PH (2014)
31	2014	Evans SE, Hoffman AC (2014) – Electronic cigarettes: abuse liability, topography and subjective effects. – Tobacco Control (2014)
32	2014	McNeill A, Etter J-F, Farsalinos KE, Hajek P, et al. (2014) – A critique of a World Health Organizationcommissioned report and associated paper on electronic cigarettes. – Addiction (2014)
33	2014	Hajek P, Etter JF, Benowitz N, Eissenberg T, McRobbie H (2014) – Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit. – Addiction (2014)
34	2014	Hajek P (2014) – Electronic cigarettes have a potential for huge public health benefit. – BMC Medicine (2014)
35	2014	Bekki K, Uchiyama S et al. (2014) – Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes. – International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2014)
36	2014	Foulds J, Veldheer S et al. (2014) – Development of a questionnaire to assess dependence on electronic cigarettes in a large sample of ex-smoking e-cig users – Nicotine and Tobacco Research (2014)
37	2014	McRobbie H, Bullen C et al. (2014) – Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction – Cochrane Library (2014)
38	2014	Pepper J.K. et al. (2014) – Adolescent Males‘ Awareness of and Willingness to Try Electronic Cigarettes – Journal of Adolescent Health (2014)
39	2014	Goniewicz M L et al. (2014) – Rise in Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adolescents in Poland – Journal of Adolescent Health (2014)
40	2014	Krishnan-Sarin S et al (2014) E-cigarette Use Among High School and Middle School Adolescents in Connecticut – Nicotine and Tobacco Research (2014)
41	2014	Farsalinos K., Romagna G. et al. (2014) Characteristics, Perceived Side Effects and Benefits of Electronic Cigarette Use: A Worldwide Survey of More than 19,000 Consumers – Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health (2014)
42	2014	Pepper J.K. et al. (2014) How U.S. Adults Find Out About Electronic Cigarettes: Implications for Public Health Messages – Nicotine and Tobacco Research (2014)
43	2014	Paradise J. (2014) Electronic Cigarettes: Smoke-Free Laws, Sale Restrictions, and the Public Health – American Journal of public health
44	2014	Marini et al. (2014), Short-term effects of electronic and tobacco cigarettes on exhaled nitric oxide – Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
45	2014	Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2014) E-Cigarettes: Impact on Individual and Population Health – Tobacco Control Volume 23, suppl 2
46	2014	Stimson G. V. (2014) Public health leadership and electronic cigarette users – European Journal of Public Health
47	2014	Curry L. and Lee YO (2014) E-cigarettes made especially for inmates – Tobacco Control 2014
48	2014	Chatham-Stephens K. et al. (2014) Notes from the Field: Calls to Poison Centers for Exposures to Electronic Cigarettes — United States, September 2010–February 2014 – Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) April 4, 2014 / 63(13);292-293
49	2014	Rodrigo Córdoba García (2014) El desafío de los cigarrillos electrónicos/The challenge of electronic cigarettes – Atención Primaria
50	2014	Nutt D.J.,· Phillips L.D., · Balfour D. et al. (2014) Estimating the Harms of Nicotine-Containing Products Using the MCDA Approach – Eur Addict Res 2014;20:218–225
51	2014	Dagaonkar R., Udwadia Z. (2014) Water Pipes and E-cigarettes : New Faces of an Ancient Enemy – Journal of the association of physicians of india vol 62
52	2014	Brown J., West R. (2014) Prevalence and characteristics of e-cigarette users in Great Britain: Findings from a general population survey of smokers – Addictive Behaviors
53	2014	Cummings, K. et al. (2014) E-Cigarettes and Cancer Patients – Journal of Thoracic Oncology
54	2014	Shawna L. Carroll Chapman, Li-Tzy Wua (2014) – E-cigarette prevalence and correlates of use among adolescents versus adults: A review and comparison – Journal of Psychiatric Research
55	2014	Kim A. et al. (2014) E-cigarette Advertising Expenditures in the U.S., 2011–2012 – American Journal of Preventive Medicine
56	2014	Saitta, D., Ferro, G. and Polosa, R. (2014) Achieving appropriate regulations for electronic cigarettes. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 3 February 2014 (Epub ahead of print). DOI: 10.1177/2040622314521271
57	2014	Farsalinos K., Stimsonb G. (2014), Is there any legal and scientific basis for classifying electronic cigarettes as medications ? – International Journal of Drug Policy
58	2014	Kubica P. , Wasik A., Kot-Wasik A. and Namieśnik J. (2014) – An evaluation of sucrose as a possible contaminant in e-liquids for electronic cigarettes by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry – Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
59	2014	Vallée JP., Gallois P., Le Noc Y. (2014) e-cigarette: vapoter vaut-il mieux que fumer ? – Médecine. Volume 10, Numéro 3, 121-6, Mars 2014, Stratégies
60	2014	Leverette R.D., Misra, M., Cooper, B;T. and Bennett, M.B. (2014) Potential toxicity of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosols as measured by four in vitro assays – 53rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology; Phoenix, AZ.
61	2014	Carlos A. et al. (2014) The Electronic Cigarette. Official Statement of the Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR) on the Efficacy, Safety and Regulation of Electronic Cigarettes – Archivos de Bronconeumología
62	2014	Faure S., Babin S. et al. (2014) Managing tobacco addiction – Actualités Pharmaceutiques Volume 53, Issue 535, April 2014, Pages 27–30
63	2014	Nelson N. (2014) More Questions Than Answers Surrounding E-Cigarette Debate JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst dju101 doi:10.1093/jnci/dju101 first published online March 31, 2014
64	2014	Alpert HR, Agaku IT, Connolly GN (2015) – A study of pyrazines in cigarettes and how additives might be used to enhance tobacco addiction. Tobacco Control (2014)
65	2014	Al-Abed A.; Chung T. et al. (2014) Perceptions, and Awareness of Electronic Cigarettes Among Healthcare Providers and In-Patients – 19th Denman Undergraduate Research Forum
66	2014	Hughes K., Hardcastle K. et al. (2014) “Most people I know have got one”: Young people’s perceptions and experiences of electronic cigarettes – Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University
67	2014	Hughes K., Hardcastle K. et al. (2014) E-cigarette access among young people in Cheshire and Merseyside Findings from the 2013 North West Trading Standards survey – Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University
68	2014	Sochor O. et al. (2014) Tobacco use and some characteristics of tobacco users. Preliminary results of “Kardiovize Brno 2030” Cor et Vasa
69	2014	Farsalinos K., Polosa R. (2014) – Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review. – Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety (2014)
70	2014	Behar, R., Davis, B., Wang, Y., Bahl, V., Lin, S. and Talbot, P. (2014) Identification of toxicants in cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette refill fluids. Toxicol In Vitro 28: 198–208.
71	2014	Burstyn, I. (2014) Peering through the mist: Systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks.BMC Public Health (2013)
72	2014	Farsalinos, K., Spyrou, A., Tsimopoulou, K., Stefopoulos, C., Romagna, G. and Voudris, V. (2014). Nicotine absorption from electronic cigarette use: comparison between first and new-generation devices. Sci Rep (in press).
73	2014	Grana R.A., Popova L., Ling P.M. (2014) A Longitudinal Analysis of Electronic Cigarette Use and Smoking Cessation JAMA Intern Med
74	2014	Nides, M., Leischow, S., Bhatter, M. and Simmons, M. (2014) Nicotine blood levels and short-term smoking reduction with an electronic nicotine delivery system. Am J Health Behav 38: 265–274.
75	2013	Ronk CJ, Hollins DM, Jacobsen DM (2013) – Evaluation of pulmonary function within a cohort of flavorings workers. – Inhal Toxicol. (2013) – Important!!!
76	2013	Dautzenberg B et al. (2013) – E-Cigarette: A New Tobacco Product for Schoolchildren in Paris – Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases (2013)
77	2013	Adkison, S., O’Connor, R., Bansal-Travers, M., Hyland, A., Borland, R., Yong, H.H. et al. (2013) Electronic nicotine delivery systems: international tobacco control four-country survey. Am J Prev Med 44: 207–215.
78	2013	Barnoya, J. and Navas-Acien, A. (2013) Protecting the world from secondhand tobacco smoke exposure: where do we stand and where do we go from here? Nicotine Tob Res 15: 789–804.
79	2013	Bertholon, J., Becquemin, M., Roy, M., Roy, F., Ledur, D., Annesi Maesano, I. et al. (2013) Comparison of the aerosol produced by electronic cigarettes with conventional cigarettes and the shisha. Rev Mal Respir 30: 752–757.
80	2013	Bullen, C., Howe, C., Laugesen, M., McRobbie, H., Parag, V., Williman, J. et al. (2013) Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 382: 1629–1637.
81	2013	Camenga, D., Delmerico, J., Kong, G., Cavallo, D., Hyland, A., Cummings, K. et al. (2013) Trends in use of electronic nicotine delivery systems by adolescents. Addict Behav 39(1): 338–340. Cantrell, F. (2013) Adverse effects of e-cigarette exposures. J Community Health 15 December 2013 (Epub ahead of print). DOI: 10.1007/s10900-013- 9807-5
82	2013	Caponnetto, P., Auditore, R., Russo, C., Cappello, G. and Polosa, R. (2013a) Impact of an electronic cigarette on smoking reduction and cessation in schizophrenic smokers: a prospective 12-month pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 10: 446–461.
83	2013	Caponnetto, P., Campagna, D., Cibella, F., Morjaria, J., Caruso, M., Russo, C. et al. (2013b) EffiCiency and Safety of an eLectronic cigAreTte (ECLAT) as tobacco cigarettes substitute: a prospective 12-month randomized control design study. PLoS One 8: e66317.
84	2013	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2013) Notes from the field: electronic cigarette use among middle and high school students – United States, 2011-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62: 729–730. Chen, I. (2013) FDA summary of adverse events on electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 15: 615–616.
85	2013	Czogala, J., Goniewicz, M., Fidelus, B., Zielinska- Danch, W., Travers, M. and Sobczak, A. (2013) Secondhand exposure to vapors from electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res (11 December 2011 (Epub ahead of print). DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt203
86	2013	Dawkins, L. (2013) Electronic cigarettes: what are they and are they effective? E-Cigarette Summit, London, UK (oral presentation). Available at: http://e-cigarettesummit. com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Summit- Presentations.pdf [accessed 22 December 2013].
87	2013	Dawkins, L. and Corcoran, O. (2013) Acute electronic cigarette use: nicotine delivery and subjective effects in regular users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 231: 401–407.
88	2013	Dawkins, L., Turnern, J., Roberts, A. and Soar, K. (2013) ‘Vaping’ profiles and preferences: an online survey of electronic cigarette users. Addiction 108: 1115–1125.
89	2013	Dockrell, M., Morison, R., Bauld, L. and McNeill, A. (2013) E-Cigarettes: prevalence and attitudes in Great Britain. Nicotine Tob Res 15: 1737–1744.
90	2013	Douptcheva, N., Gmel, G., Studer, J., Deline, S. and Etter, J.F. (2013) Use of electronic cigarettes among young Swiss men. J Epidemiol Community Health 67: 1075–1076.
91	2013	Etter, J., Zäther, E. and Svensson, S. (2013) Analysis of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes. Addiction 108: 1671–1679.
92	2013	Farsalinos, K. and Romagna, G. (2013) Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia in a smoker, relieved after smoking cessation with the use of electronic cigarette: a case report. Clin Med Insights Case Rep 6: 15–21.
93	2013	Farsalinos, K., Romagna, G., Allifranchini, E., Ripamonti, E., Bocchietto, E., Todeschi, S. et al. (2013a) Comparison of the cytotoxic potential of cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette vapour extract on cultured myocardial cells. Int J Environ Res Public Health 10: 5146–5162.
94	2013	Farsalinos, K., Romagna, G., Tsiapras, D., Kyrzopoulos, S. and Voudris, V. (2013b) Evaluating nicotine levels selection and patterns of electronic cigarette use in a group of “vapers” who had achieved complete substitution of smoking. Subst Abuse 7: 139–146.
95	2013	Farsalinos, K., Romagna, G., Tsiapras, D., Kyrzopoulos, S. and Voudris, V. (2013c)Evaluation of electronic cigarette use topography and estimation of liquid consumption: implications for research protocol standards definition and for public health authorities’ regulation. Int J Environ Res
96	2013	Farsalinos, K., Romagna, G. and Voudris, V. (2013d) Authors miss the opportunity to discuss important public health implications. J Chromatogr A 1312: 155–156.
97	2013	Farsalinos, K., Tsiapras, D., Kyrzopoulos, S., Stefopoulos, C., Spyrou, A., Tsakalou, M. et al. (2013f) Immediate effects of electronic cigarette use on coronary circulation and blood carboxyhemoglobin levels: comparison with cigarette smoking. Eur Heart J 34(Abstract Supplement): 13.
98	2013	Flouris, A., Chorti, M., Poulianiti, K., Jamurtas, A., Kostikas, K., Tzatzarakis, M. et al. (2013) Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. Inhal Toxicol 25: 91–101.
99	2013	Goniewicz, M., Knysak, J., Gawron, M., Kosmider, L., Sobczak, A., Kurek, J. et al. (2013) Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. DOI: 10.1136/ tobaccocontrol-2012-050859. (Published online: 6 March 2013).
100	2013	Kim, H. and Shin, H. (2013) Determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1291: 48–55.
101	2013	King, B., Alam, S., Promoff, G., Arrazola, R. and Dube, S. (2013) Awareness and ever use of electronic cigarettes among US adults, 2010–2011. Nicotine Tob Res 15(9): 1623–1627.
102	2013	Lee, S., Grana, R. and Glantz, S. (2013) Electronic cigarette use among Korean adolescents: a crosssectional study of market penetration, dual use, and relationship to quit attempts and former smoking. J Adolesc Health (2013)
103	2013	Mayer, B. (2013). How much nicotine kills a human? Tracing back the generally accepted lethal dose to dubious self-experiments in the nineteenth century.. Arch Toxicol 88: 5–7.
104	2013	MHRA Commission on human medicines, Working Group on nicotine containing products (NCPS) (2013). Current use of electronic cigarettes.
105	2013	National Association of Attorneys General (2013) FDA regulation on E-cigarettes. Available at: http:// www.naag.org/assets/files/pdf/E%20Cigarette%20 Final%20Letter%20(5)(1).pdf (Accessed: 20 November 2013).
106	2013	Nielsen, S., Franklin, G., Longstreth, W., Swanson, P. and Checkoway, H. (2013) Nicotine from edible Solanaceae and risk of Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 74: 472–477.
107	2013	Palamidas, A., Gennimata, S., Kaltsakas, G., Tsikrika, S., Vakali, S., Gratziou, C. et al. (2013)  Poster: Acute effect of an e-cigarette with and without nicotine on lung function.
108	2013	Polosa, R. and Caponnetto, P. (2013) Time for evidence-based e-cigarette regulation. Lancet Oncol (2013)
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